Histopathologic Classification of Bone Neoplasms: Based on the putative cell of origin. Malignant tumors may arise from any cellular constituent present in bone. This includes: 1. Osteogenic (osteosarcoma), 2. Chondrogenic (chondrosarcoma), 3. Hematopoietic (multiple myeloma, lymphoma), 4. Vascular (angiosarcoma, hemangioendothelioma, leiomyosarcoma), 5. Lipogenic (liposarcoma), 6. Neurogenic (neurofibrosarcoma, chordoma), 7. Histiocytic & fibrohistiocytic (MFH, Ewing’s sarcoma). Histologic subtyping is based on the predominant cellular pattern present within the tumor, degree of anaplasia, & its relationship to the bone (intramedullary vs surface). CLASSIFICATION OF OSTEOGENIC SARCOMA CONVENTIONAL (85% of cases) Osteoblastic Chondroblastic Fibroblastic MORPHOLOGICAL VARIANTS Intraosseous well-differentiated osteosarcoma Osteosarcoma resembling osteoblastoma Telangiectatic osteosarcoma Small cell osteosarcoma Dedifferentiated chondrosarcoma Malignant fibrous histiocytoma SURFACE VARIANTS Parosteal osteosarcoma Dedifferentiated parosteal osteosarcoma CLINICAL VARIANTS Osteosarcoma in jaw Post-radiation osteosarcoma Paget's osteosarcoma Multifocal osteosarcoma Osteosarcoma in other benign conditions ___________________________________________________ How to Distinguish PNET & Ewing’s from other small round cell tumors? The monoclonal antibody, HBA71, recognizes a cell-surface glycoprotein (p30/32MIC2) in human Ewing’s sarcoma & PNET. The strong immunoreactivity of HBA71 in Ewing’s sarcoma & PNET distinguishes these tumors from other small round cell tumors of childhood & adolescence. ___________________________________________________ Cytogenetics Translocation t(11;22) results from fusions of the EWS & FLI1 genes. It is seen in 90% of pts with Ewing’s sarcomas & PNETs. Different breakpoints, such as the most frequently occurring type I fusion transcript (seen in 65% of patients in one series), seem to be associated with better overall survival. REF= JCO16: 1248, 1998
_________________________________________________ TREATMENT PRIMARY TREATMENT OF BONE SARCOMAS Note: 1. Wide tumor excision with limb preservation has supplanted amputation as the principal surgical method for eradicating local disease in patients with primary bone sarcomas (regardless of histology or grade). 2. Randomized clinical trials have established that adjuvant chemotherapy is effective in preventing relapse or recurrence in patients with localized resectable primary tumors. One randomized trial has suggested that there is no difference in DFS between immediate surgery followed by adjuvant chemotherapy & preoperative chemotherapy. REF= JCO 5:21, 1987 ; NEJM 314(25):1600, 1986 ; Proc Annu Meet Am Soc Clin Oncol; 14:A1420 1995 1. Low-grade sarcomas: Surgical excision! 2. High-grade tumors: Multimodality therapy. For most high-grade bone sarcomas (excluding chondrosarcoma) preoperative multiagent chemotherapy (3 to 4 cycles) is followed by surgical extirpation of the primary tumor. Chemotherapy is reinitiated postoperatively after wound healing has occurred. EWING's. Radiotherapy +/- surgery (Recent trend is surgery, +/- radiotherapy)! TREATMENT OF METASTATIC DISEASE: OPTION 1: Preoperative chemotherapy followed by surgical ablation of the primary tumor & resection of metastatic disease, followed by post-op combination chemotherapy (high-dose methotrexate, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, ifosfamide, etoposide, and carboplatin). OPTION 2: Surgical ablation of the primary tumor & metastases, if possible, followed by combination chemotherapy (ie. high-dose methotrexate, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, cisplatin, ifosfamide, etoposide, & carboplatin). _________________________________________________
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